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KMID : 0381319930320020060
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Korean Journal of Occupational Health
1993 Volume.32 No. 2 p.60 ~ p.71
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Health of Workers in Russia
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N.F. IZMEROV
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Abstract
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Health of the population is one of the most important integral indices of welfare. Russia being in the crucial period of the development showed in 1992 the most unfavourable health indices including the health of workers. Natural rates of growth have been twice decreased for the latest two decades. A sharp decrease of birth rates has been noted since 1988. Life expectancy in Russia is only 69.4 years. Infant mortality is 17.4 kids per 1000 of alive ones (not more than 12 months old).
Work conditions and safety at Russian enterprises are unsatisfactory and have been marked in recent years as critical. This situation caused a decrease of creative initiatives of workers. Introduction of different compensations and benefits including payments for those working in adverse conditions aimed at a compensation of health losses (not at the promotion and strengthening of health) led to the ignorance of safety rules and work hygiene standards. As a result, the number of work-related accidents including those with lethal outcomes has been increased, occupational morbidity level and temporary disability illness, mortality risks, life shortening have been high.
So, in 1987 the level of occupational morbidity in Russia was 5.6% higher comparing to 1986, in 1988 it was 10.4% higher, in 1989-47.2% higher, in 1990-92.0% higher, 1991-104.0% higher. 6480 patients were registered in Russia as those suffering from occupational diseases in 1986, 12219 was the total number of occupational patients in 1991, totally 53128 occupational patients have been registered during the recerit six years.
Occupational morbidity studies for the aims of prevention are very important in occupational health. However, to assess health of the population it is necessary to study complex of indices : general morbidity, temporary disability, occupational morbidity, hysical development, disability, mortality. Each of these parameters occupies a definite place in the assessment of general health and in the statistical analysis. However, offficial statistics does not allow to receive a complete analysis of industrial factors and environment that influence the health. Special research is necessary that implies updated methods of medical statistics to collect convincing data on morbidity rates due to the exposure of different factors, different risk factor fractions and their combinations influencing morbidity levels (both totally and by different nosologic forms). For instance, according to some data, from 20% to 40% of temporary moridity are explained by adverse work conditions, 20% are developed due to adverse enironmental factors.
Integrity of illness-forming factors and identification of the most hazardous ones can be regarded as the most important tasks of occupational health.
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